The immediate and delayed effects of direct versus indirect written corrective feedback on Turkish EFL learners' accuracy development in using past counterfactual conditionals

Onur Uludağ

doi:10.29038/eejpl.2025.12.1.ulu

Автор(и)

Онур Улудаг Університет Афьон Коцатепе, Туреччина https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6912-2979

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2025.12.1.ulu

Ключові слова:

когнітивна обробка, прямий зворотний зв'язок, непрямий зворотний зв'язок, минулі контрфактичні умовні речення, письмовий коригувальний зворотний зв'язок

Анотація

Дослідження письмового коригувального зворотного зв'язку (ПКЗЗ) широко вивчали ефективність прямих та непрямих підходів до надання зворотного зв'язку, проте результати залишаються суперечливими щодо їх відносного впливу на складні граматичні структури. Засвоєння минулих контрфактичних умовних речень становить особливі труднощі для тих, хто вивчає другу мову, через їх синтаксичну та семантичну складність, при цьому обмежена кількість досліджень вивчає ефективність зворотного зв'язку для цієї структури. Ця прогалина обмежує теоретичне розуміння того, як різні типи зворотного зв'язку залучають механізми когнітивної обробки під час засвоєння лінгвістично складних особливостей. Це квазі-експериментальне дослідження вивчало диференційні ефекти прямого та непрямого ПКЗЗ на засвоєння англійських минулих контрфактичних умовних речень турецькими студентами, які вивчають англійську як іноземну мову. 94 студенти першого курсу були випадково розподілені на три групи: Прямий ПКЗЗ (n=32), Непрямий ПКЗЗ (n=32) та Контрольна група (n=30). Використовуючи дизайн попереднього та підсумкового тестування з негайними та відстроченими підсумковими тестами, учасники виконували завдання з реконструкції протягом восьмитижневого періоду. Група прямого ПКЗЗ отримувала явні виправлення з правильними формами, наданими над помилками, тоді як група непрямого ПКЗЗ отримувала металінгвістичні підказки, що вимагали самокорекції. Результати показали, що прямий ПКЗЗ продемонстрував вищу негайну ефективність, але ця перевага зменшилася при відстроченому підсумковому тестуванні, де обидві експериментальні групи показали подібні результати, водночас значно перевершуючи контрольну групу. Результати вказують на те, що прямий зворотний зв'язок сприяє негайному покращенню точності у складних граматичних структурах, тоді як обидва типи зворотного зв'язку досягають еквівалентної довгострокової ефективності. Ці результати підтримують навчальні підходи, які використовують прямий зворотний зв'язок, коли пріоритетом є негайна точність, і свідчать про те, що обидва типи зворотного зв'язку залучають механізми когнітивної обробки, які підтримують стійке вивчення складних граматичних особливостей.

Завантажити

Дані для завантаження поки недоступні.

Біографія автора

Онур Улудаг, Університет Афьон Коцатепе, Туреччина

Ел. пошта: ouludag@aku.edu.tr

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Appendix

Sample Reconstruction Task

Audio Script: "Career Choices and Life Paths"

[This text would be audio-recorded and played twice to participants]

"Mehmet always dreamed of becoming a software engineer, but his family wanted him to study medicine. If he had followed his passion for technology from the beginning, he would have graduated with a computer science degree by now. His friend Ayşe made a different choice. She wanted to study abroad, but her parents couldn't afford the tuition fees. If her family had had more financial resources, she would have studied international business in Germany.

Now both friends work in Istanbul, but they often wonder about their alternative life paths. Mehmet thinks that if he had been more determined about his career choice, he would have convinced his parents to support his decision. Ayşe believes that if she had applied for more scholarships, she would have found a way to study overseas.

Their stories show how family expectations and financial constraints can shape our futures. If they had made different decisions five years ago, their lives would have taken completely different directions. However, both have learned that success can be achieved through various paths, regardless of the initial choices we make."

Note-taking Sheet

Character | Original Dream | Family / Financial Situation | What would have happened if

Mehmet

Ayşe

Writing Instructions

Based on your notes, reconstruct the text you heard. You have 20 minutes to complete this task. Try to include all the important information and use appropriate grammatical structures.